网络谣言中食品安全谣言占45% 人民日报：该治治了
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???? ????, ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ?????????? ????? ????, H2+ ? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????, ?????????? ?????????????? ?yvind Burrau ?????? ?????? ????????[?] ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????, ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????-????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????, ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? (LCAO) ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????-????? ?????? ????????? ???????, ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? F2 ??????? ??? O2 ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? Schr?dinger(???????????) ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????-???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? (?????????????????), ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???, ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ??????
???? ????, H H ???? ??? ? ?? ????? ????????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???, ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????[?] ?? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????
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[????????]?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????????, ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? (???????? ???????) ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????, ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????????????, ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????, ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????, ??????????? ?????, ????? ??????????? ????? (???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???), ??????? ??????????? ???? (CH3–CH2–OH), ???? ???? ??? (C2H5OH)???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???, ???? ?? ????????? ?????????? (C2H6O)??????, ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????, ????? ?-????? ????????? ??? ???????????? (??????????? ???????? ??? ??) ??????? ??? ???, ???? ????? ???????? ?????' ??'? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????, ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? (\/C=C/\ ?4)?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????
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[????????]| pm ? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? kJ/mol ? ????? ????? . Bond lengths can be converted to ? by division by 100 (1 ? = 100 pm). Data taken from University of Waterloo.[?] | ||
| Bond | Length (pm) |
Energy (kJ/mol) |
|---|---|---|
| H — Hydrogen | ||
| H–H | 74 | 436 |
| H–O | 96 | 366 |
| H–F | 92 | 568 |
| H–Cl | 127 | 432 |
| C — Carbon | ||
| C–H | 109 | 413 |
| C–C | 154 | 348 |
| C–C= | 151 | |
| =C–C≡ | 147 | |
| =C–C= | 148 | |
| C=C | 134 | 614 |
| C≡C | 120 | 839 |
| C–N | 147 | 308 |
| C–O | 143 | 360 |
| C–F | 134 | 488 |
| C–Cl | 177 | 330 |
| N — Nitrogen | ||
| N–H | 101 | 391 |
| N–N | 145 | 170 |
| N≡N | 110 | 945 |
| O — Oxygen | ||
| O–O | 148 | 145 |
| O=O | 121 | 498 |
| F, Cl, Br, I — Halogens | ||
| F–F | 142 | 158 |
| Cl–Cl | 199 | 243 |
| Br–H | 141 | 366 |
| Br–Br | 228 | 193 |
| I–H | 161 | 298 |
| I–I | 267 | 151 |
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?????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????, ???????????? ???????? ?????????, NaCN-?? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ????-?? ??????Cation ?????? ?? ???????? cations (Na+) ??? ????????? cations (Na+ ?? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????, ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???? ????? ????, ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????????
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????????? ??????? ??????
[????????]"???????" ?????? ??????? ??????, ?????????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????
????????? ????? (????) ?????? ?? ????? ??????? (???) ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????, ?????????? ????? ??? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??, ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???????, ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? (??????) ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????
??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????, ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ???, ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????
??? ?????
[????????]?????????
[????????]- ↑ Rioux, Frank (2001-10)? "The Covalent Bond in H2"? The Chemical Educator? ? (5): ???–???? ?????:10.1007/s00897010509a? ???????? 1430-4171?
{{???????? ???????}}:|?????=?? ??? ??????? ???? (???????) - ↑ "Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History - Special Collections & Archives Research Center - Oregon State University"? scarc.library.oregonstate.edu? ???????? ????? ????-??-???
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Евстегнеева, Анна Александровна (????-??-??)? "Выплата работодателем задержанной заработной платы в порядке статьи 142 Трудового кодекса Российской Федерации"? Научные труды Московского гуманитарного университета (3): ??? ?????:10.17805/trudy.2020.3.6? ???????? 2587-8441?
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ (U.S.), National Academy of Sciences? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.? National Academy of Sciences? ??????? 321029026?
- ↑ Svidzinsky, Anatoly A.; Scully, Marlan O.; Herschbach, Dudley R. (????-??-??)? "Bohr's 1913 molecular model revisited"? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America? ??? (34): ?????–?????? ?????:10.1073/pnas.0505778102? ???????? 0027-8424? ?????? 1186029? ???????? 16103360?
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Laidler, Keith James (????)? The world of physical chemistry? Internet Archive? Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press? ???????? ???-?-??-??????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ "The Journal of Chemical Physics"? Wikipedia (?????? ??????)? ????-??-???
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ "Bond Lengths and Energies"? Science.uwaterloo.ca? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????-??-???
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ 1945-, Becker, David, (????)? Study guide for Jones and Atkins's Chemistry : molecules, matter, and change? W.H. Freeman? ??????? 1029284768?
{{?? ???????}}:|??????=-? ???????? ??? ?????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ???????? ?????????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ?????? ???: ???????? ?????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
?????????
[????????]
- W. Locke (1997). Introduction to Molecular Orbital Theory. Retrieved May 18, 2005.
- Carl R. Nave (2005). HyperPhysics. Retrieved May 18, 2005.
- Linus Pauling and the Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????. Retrieved February 29, 2008.
