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?????????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????, ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????, ?????????????? ?????????, ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????
??????? ??? ????????
[????????]??????? ????? ?????????, ????????? ???? ????????? ???????, ??????? ????, ?????? ???????, ??????? ??????????, ??????? ??????,?? ???????, ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????/????????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??? ???????
??????? ????
[????????]??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????, ?????? ???????, ????????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?
?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ???? Warring ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ????-?????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?? "??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????
???????? ???????
[????????]???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ??? ? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? caveats ???? ???? ? ??????, ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?
?? ?????, ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????????? ? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? (????????) ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??? ? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? "feel-good fallacies" ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? , ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????
????????? ?????
[????????]
???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????????? (?? ????????????????) ???? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ????????? ???????????, ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? (?????? ?????? ?????? ????????), ???? ????, ??????, ?? ?????, ????????? ???? (????) ??? ?? .??. ??????? (????-????) ?? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ? ????? ???, ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????, ???? "?????? ???? ????"
"??? ???? ????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???, ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????????? ??? ?????" - ????????? ????, "The Advancement of Learning", ?? ?, ??, ? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ????????????, ???????? ???????, ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????
?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????; ???? ?? ?????????? "??????? ?????????" ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?
??????
[????????]- ↑ di Francia 1976, ??. 4–5: "One learns in a laboratory; one learns how to make experiments only by experimenting, and one learns how to work with his hands only by using them. The first and fundamental form of experimentation in physics is to teach young people to work with their hands. Then they should be taken into a laboratory and taught to work with measuring instruments – each student carrying out real experiments in physics. This form of teaching is indispensable and cannot be read in a book."
- ↑ Fara 2009, ??. 204: "Whatever their discipline, scientists claimed to share a common scientific method that ... distinguished them from non-scientists."
- ↑ ? ? Evicting Einstein, March 26, 2004, NASA. "Both [relativity and quantum mechanics] are extremely successful. The Global Positioning System (GPS), for instance, wouldn't be possible without the theory of relativity. Computers, telecommunications, and the Internet, meanwhile, are spin-offs of quantum mechanics."
?????????
[????????]- ↑ Wilson, E. O. (????)? "The natural sciences"? Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (Reprint ???????)? New York: Vintage? ??. ??–??? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Heilbron, J. L. (????)? "Preface"? The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science? New York: Oxford University Press? ??. vii–x? ???????? ???-?-??-??????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Cohen, Eliel (????)? "The boundary lens: theorising academic activity"? The University and its Boundaries: Thriving or Surviving in the 21st Century? Routledge? ??. ??–??? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Colander, David C.; Hunt, Elgin F. (????)? "Social science and its methods"? Social Science: An Introduction to the Study of Society (17th ???????)? Routledge? ??. ?–???
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ "Social Science"? Encyclop?dia Britannica?
- ↑ Fischer, M. R.; Fabry, G (????)? "Thinking and acting scientifically: Indispensable basis of medical education"? GMS Zeitschrift für Medizinische Ausbildung? ?? (2): Doc???
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ L?we, Benedikt? "The formal sciences: their scope, their foundations, and their unity"? Synthese? ??? (1/2): ?–???
- ↑ Bunge, Mario (????)? Philosophy of Science: Volume 1, From Problem to Theory? Routledge? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Lindberg, David C. (????)? The beginnings of Western science? University of Chicago Press?
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Keay, John (????)? India: A history? Atlantic Monthly Press?
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Lindberg, David C. (????)? The beginnings of Western science?
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Lindberg, David C.?
{{?? ???????}}:|title=????????? ?? ???? (???????) - ↑ Principe, Lawrence M.? Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction?
- ↑ From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences?
- ↑ MacRitchie, Finlay (????)? Scientific Research as a Career?
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ de Ridder, Jeroen?
{{?? ???????}}:|title=????????? ?? ???? (???????) - ↑ Grant, Edward (? ????????? ????)? "History of Science: When Did Modern Science Begin?"? The American Scholar? ?? (1): ???–???? ??????? 41212592?
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ ??????? ??????:
<ref>????? ??? ???;Lindberg1????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? - ↑ ??????? ??????:
<ref>????? ??? ???;Heilbron????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? - ↑ Pingree, David (???????? ????)? "Hellenophilia versus the History of Science"? Isis? ?? (4): ???–??? ??????:1992Isis...83..554P? ?????:10.1086/356288? ??????? 234257? ????????? 68570164?
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Naidoo, Nasheen; Pawitan, Yudi; Soong, Richie; Cooper, David N.; Ku, Chee-Seng (??????? ????)? "Human genetics and genomics a decade after the release of the draft sequence of the human genome"? Human Genomics? ? (6): ???–???? ?????:10.1186/1479-7364-5-6-577? ?????? 3525251? ???????? 22155605?
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ?????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? (?????) - ↑ Rashid, S. Tamir; Alexander, Graeme J.M. (????? ????)? "Induced pluripotent stem cells: from Nobel Prizes to clinical applications"? Journal of Hepatology? ?? (3): ???–???? ?????:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.10.026? ???????? 1600-0641? ???????? 23131523?
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Abbott, B.P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T.D.; Acernese, F.; Ackley, K.; Adams, C.; Adams, T.; Addesso, P.; Adhikari, R.X.; Adya, V.B.; Affeldt, C.; Afrough, M.; Agarwal, B.; Agathos, M.; Agatsuma, K.; Aggarwal, N.; Aguiar, O.D.; Aiello, L.; Ain, A.; Ajith, P.; Allen, B.; Allen, G.; Allocca, A.; Altin, P.A.; Amato, A.; Ananyeva, A.; Anderson, S.B.; Anderson, W.G.; Angelova, S.V.; ??? ???????? (????)? "Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger"? The Astrophysical Journal? ??? (2): L??? ??????:1710.05833? ??????:2017ApJ...848L..12A? ?????:10.3847/2041-8213/aa91c9? ????????? 217162243?
{{???????? ???????}}: ????? ???????????|????-????????=??????? ??? ?????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ?????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? (?????) - ↑ Cho, Adrian (????)? "Merging neutron stars generate gravitational waves and a celestial light show"? Science? ?????:10.1126/science.aar2149?
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ R. P. Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1, Chaps.1,2,&3.
- ↑ Bunge, Mario Augusto (????)? Philosophy of Science: From Problem to Theory? Transaction Publishers? ??. ??? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ ? ? Popper, Karl R. (????a) [1959]? "A survey of some fundamental problems"? The Logic of Scientific Discovery? New York, New York: Routledge Classics? ??. ?–??? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-?? ??????? 59377149?
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ "Scientific Method: Relationships Among Scientific Paradigms"? Seed Magazine? ????? ?, ????? ??????? ?, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?, ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Gauch Jr., Hugh G. (????)? "Science in perspective"? Scientific Method in Practice? Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press? ??. ??–??? ???????? ???-?-??-??????-?? ???????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?, ?????
{{?? ???????}}: ????? ???????????|?????????-??????=??????? ??? ?????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Oglivie, Brian W. (????)? "Introduction"? The Science of Describing: Natural History in Renaissance Europe (Paperback ???????)? Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press? ??. ?–??? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ "Natural History"? Princeton University WordNet? ????? ?, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??, ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Tomalin, Marcus (????)? Linguistics and the Formal Sciences? ?????:10.2277/0521854814?
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ L?we, Benedikt (????)? "The Formal Sciences: Their Scope, Their Foundations, and Their Unity"? Synthese? ???: ?–??? ?????:10.1023/a:1020887832028? ????????? 9272212?
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ ??????? ??????:
<ref>????? ??? ???;Fetzer2013????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? - ↑ Bill, Thompson (????)? "2.4 Formal Science and Applied Mathematics"? The Nature of Statistical Evidence? Lecture Notes in Statistics? ???? ??? (1st ???????)? Springer? ??. ???
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ ??????? ??????:
<ref>????? ??? ???;Bishop1991????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? - ↑ ??????? ??????:
<ref>????? ??? ???;Bunge 1998????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? - ↑ Mujumdar, Anshu Gupta; Singh, Tejinder (????)? "Cognitive science and the connection between physics and mathematics"? Anthony Aguirre; Brendan Foster (?????????)? Trick or Truth?: The Mysterious Connection Between Physics and Mathematics? The Frontiers Collection (1st ???????)? Switzerland: SpringerNature? ??. ???–???? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ ??????? ??????:
<ref>????? ??? ???;fischer2014????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? - ↑ ??????? ??????:
<ref>????? ??? ???;abraham2004????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? - ↑ ??????? ??????:
<ref>????? ??? ???;sinclair1993????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? - ↑ ??????? ??????:
<ref>????? ??? ???;purdue2018????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? - ↑ ??????? ??????:
<ref>????? ??? ???;mbunge1966????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? - ↑ "Cambridge Dictionary"? Cambridge University Press? ????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??, ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Panda SC (????????? ????)? "Medicine: science or art?"? Mens Sana Monogr? ? (1): ???–??? ?????:10.4103/0973-1229.27610? ?????? 3190445? ???????? 22013337?
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ?????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? (?????) - ↑ Firth, John (????)? "Science in medicine: when, how, and what"? Oxford textbook of medicine? Oxford: Oxford University Press? ???????? ???-???????????
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Saunders J (??? ????)? "The practice of clinical medicine as an art and as a science"? Med Humanit? ?? (1): ??–??? ?????:10.1136/mh.26.1.18? ???????? 12484313? ????????? 73306806?
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ "Dictionary, medicine"? ????? ?, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ???? ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Richard Dawkins (?? ??, ????)? "To Live at All Is Miracle Enough"? RichardDawkins.net? ????????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?, ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Stanovich, Keith E. (????)? How to Think Straight About Psychology? Boston: Pearson Education? ??. ???–???? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Mitchell, Jacqueline S. (??????????? ??, ????)? "The Origins of Science"? Scientific American Frontiers? PBS? ????? ?, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?, ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ ? ? "The amazing point is that for the first time since the discovery of mathematics, a method has been introduced, the results of which have an intersubjective value!" (Author's punctuation)}} —di Francia, Giuliano Toraldo (????)? "The method of physics"? The Investigation of the Physical World? Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press? ??. ?–??? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Wilson, Edward (????)? Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge? New York: Vintage? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Fara, Patricia (????)? "Decisions"? Science: A Four Thousand Year History? Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press? ??. ???? ???????? ???-?-??-??????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ????? ???????????|?????????-??????=??????? ??? ?????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Nola, Robert; Irzik, Gürol (????k)? "naive inductivism as a methodology in science"? Philosophy, science, education and culture? Science & technology education library? ???? ??? Springer? ??. ???–???? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Nola, Robert; Irzik, Gürol (????j)? "The aims of science and critical inquiry"? Philosophy, science, education and culture? Science & technology education library? ???? ??? Springer? ??. ???–???? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Pease, Craig (?????????? ?, ????)? "Chapter 23. Deliberate bias: Conflict creates bad science"? Science for Business, Law and Journalism? Vermont Law School? ??? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ van Gelder, Tim (????)? ""Heads I win, tails you lose": A Foray Into the Psychology of Philosophy" (PDF)? University of Melbourne? ?????? ?, ???? ?????? ??? ???? (PDF) ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??, ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Shatz, David (????)? Peer Review: A Critical Inquiry? Rowman & Littlefield? ???????? ???-?-????-????-?? ??????? 54989960?
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Krimsky, Sheldon (????)? Science in the Private Interest: Has the Lure of Profits Corrupted the Virtue of Biomedical Research? Rowman & Littlefield? ???????? ???-?-????-????-?? ??????? 185926306?
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Bulger, Ruth Ellen; Heitman, Elizabeth; Reiser, Stanley Joel (????)? The Ethical Dimensions of the Biological and Health Sciences (2nd ???????)? Cambridge University Press? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-?? ??????? 47791316?
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Backer, Patricia Ryaby (??????? ??, ????)? "What is the scientific method?"? San Jose State University? ?????? ?, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??, ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ ? ? Ziman, John (????c)? "Common observation"? Reliable knowledge: An exploration of the grounds for belief in science? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press? ??. ??–??? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ????? ???????????|?????????-??????=??????? ??? ?????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Ziman, John (????c)? "The stuff of reality"? Reliable knowledge: An exploration of the grounds for belief in science? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press? ??. ??–???? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ????? ???????????|?????????-??????=??????? ??? ?????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ ??????? ??????:
<ref>????? ??? ???;Heilbron 2003 p. vii????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? - ↑ Schooler, J. W. (????)? "Metascience could rescue the 'replication crisis'"? Nature? ??? (7525): ?? ??????:2014Natur.515....9S? ?????:10.1038/515009a? ???????? 25373639?
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Smith, Noah? "Why 'Statistical Significance' Is Often Insignificant"? Bloomberg? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Pashler, Harold; Wagenmakers, Eric Jan (????)? "Editors' Introduction to the Special Section on Replicability in Psychological Science: A Crisis of Confidence?" (PDF)? Perspectives on Psychological Science? ? (6): ???–???? ?????:10.1177/1745691612465253? ???????? 26168108? ????????? 26361121? ??????????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? (PDF)? ???????? ????? ?????? ??, ?????
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Ioannidis, John P. A.; Fanelli, Daniele; Dunne, Debbie Drake; Goodman, Steven N. (????-??-??)? "Meta-research: Evaluation and Improvement of Research Methods and Practices"? PLOS Biology? ?? (10): –???????? ?????:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002264? ???????? 1545-7885? ?????? 4592065? ???????? 26431313?
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ?????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? (?????) - ↑ "Eusocial climbers" (PDF)? E.O. Wilson Foundation? ?????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? (PDF)? ???????? ????? ? ?????????? ?????
But he's not a scientist, he's never done scientific research. My definition of a scientist is that you can complete the following sentence: 'he or she has shown that...'," Wilson says.
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ "Our definition of a scientist"? Science Council? ????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ?????????? ?????
A scientist is someone who systematically gathers and uses research and evidence, making a hypothesis and testing it, to gain and share understanding and knowledge.
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Cyranoski, David; Gilbert, Natasha; Ledford, Heidi; Nayar, Anjali; Yahia, Mohammed (????)? "Education: The PhD factory"? Nature? ??? (7343): ???–??? ??????:2011Natur.472..276C? ?????:10.1038/472276a? ???????? 21512548?
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Kwok, Roberta (????)? "Flexible working: Science in the gig economy"? Nature? ???: ???–??? ?????:10.1038/nj7677-549a?
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Woolston, Chris (????)? Editorial (???????)? "Many junior scientists need to take a hard look at their job prospects"? Nature? ???: ???–???? ?????:10.1038/nj7677-549a? ???????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?, ?????
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Lee, Adrian; Dennis, Carina; Campbell, Phillip (????)? "Graduate survey: A love–hurt relationship"? Nature? ??? (7677): ???–??? ?????:10.1038/nj7677-549a?
{{???????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Stockton, Nick (? ??????? ????)? "How did the Nobel Prize become the biggest award on Earth?"? Wired? ??? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ?????????? ?????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - ↑ Eisenhart and Finkel, Ch 1 inThe Gender and Science Reader ed. Muriel Lederman and Ingrid Bartsch. New York, Routledge, 2001. (16-17)
???????????
[????????]- Crease, Robert P. (????)? The Great Equations? New York: W.W. Norton? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ????|?????=harv(???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - di Francia, Giuliano Toraldo (????)? The Investigation of the Physical World? Originally published in Italian as L'Indagine del Mondo Fisico by Giulio Einaudi editore 1976; first published in English by Cambridge University Press 1981.? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press? ???????? ?-???-?????-X?
{{?? ???????}}: ????|?????=harv(???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Fara, Patricia (????)? Science : a four thousand year history? Oxford: Oxford University Press? ??. ???? ???????? ???-?-??-??????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ????|?????=harv(???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Feyerabend, Paul (????)? Against Method (3rd ???????)? London: Verso? ???????? ?-?????-???-??
{{?? ???????}}: ????|?????=harv(???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Godfrey-Smith, Peter (????)? Theory and Reality? Chicago 60637: University of Chicago? ??. ???? ???????? ?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ????|?????=harv(???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ??????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Heilbron, J. L. (editor-in-chief) (????)? The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science? New York: Oxford University Press.? ???????? ?-??-??????-??
{{?? ???????}}:|????????=???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? (???????); ????|?????=harv(???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Lindberg, David C. (????)? The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (Second ???????)? Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ????|?????=harv(???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Nola, Robert; Irzik, Gürol (????)? Philosophy, science, education and culture? Science & technology education library? ???? ??? Springer? ???????? ?-????-????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ????|?????=harv(???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Polanyi, Michael (????)? Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy? University of Chicago Press? ???????? ?-???-?????-?
{{?? ???????}}: ???????? / ??????? ???????????? (???????); ????|?????=harv(???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ?????????????? (?????) - Popper, Karl Raimund (????) [1984]? In search of a better world: lectures and essays from thirty years? New York, NY: Routledge? ???????? ?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ????|?????=harv(???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Popper, Karl R. (????) [1959]? The Logic of Scientific Discovery? New York, NY: Routledge Classics? ???????? ?-???-?????-?? ??????? 59377149?
{{?? ???????}}: ????|?????=harv(???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Stanovich, Keith E. (????)? How to Think Straight About Psychology? Boston: Pearson Education? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ????|?????=harv(???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Ziman, John (????)? Reliable knowledge: An exploration of the grounds for belief in science? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press? ??. ???? ???????? ?-???-?????-?
{{?? ???????}}: ????|?????=harv(???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) ??????? ???? ????????????: ?????????????? (?????)
??? ?????
[????????]- Augros, Robert M., Stanciu, George N., The New Story of Science: mind and the universe, Lake Bluff, Ill.: Regnery Gateway, c1984. ???????? ?-?????-???-?
- Becker, Ernest (????)? The structure of evil; an essay on the unification of the science of man? New York: G. Braziller?
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Burguete, Maria, and Lam, Lui, eds.(2014). All About Science: Philosophy, History, Sociology & Communication. World Scientific: Singapore. ???????? ???-???-????-??-?
- Cole, K. C., Things your teacher never told you about science: Nine shocking revelations Newsday, Long Island, New York, March 23, 1986, pp. 21+
- Crease, Robert P. (????)? World in the Balance: the historic quest for an absolute system of measurement? New York: W.W. Norton? ??. ???? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Feyerabend, Paul (2005). Science, history of the philosophy, as cited in Honderich, Ted (????)? The Oxford companion to philosophy? Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press? ???????? ?-??-??????-?? ??????? 173262485?
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Feynman, Richard P. (????)? Robbins, Jeffrey (???????)? The pleasure of finding things out the best short works of Richard P. Feynman? Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Books? ???????? ???????????
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Feynman, R.P. (????)? The Pleasure of Finding Things Out: The Best Short Works of Richard P. Feynman? Perseus Books Group? ???????? ?-???-?????-?? ??????? 181597764?
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Feynman, Richard "Cargo Cult Science"
- Gaukroger, Stephen (????)? The Emergence of a Scientific Culture: Science and the Shaping of Modernity 1210–1685? Oxford: Oxford University Press? ???????? ?-??-??????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Gopnik, Alison, "Finding Our Inner Scientist" ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????, Daedalus, Winter 2004.
- Krige, John, and Dominique Pestre, eds., Science in the Twentieth Century, Routledge 2003, ???????? ?-???-?????-?
- Levin, Yuval (2008). Imagining the Future: Science and American Democracy. New York, Encounter Books. ???????? ?-?????-???-?
- Lindberg, D. C. (????)? Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler? Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr.?
{{?? ???????}}: ????|?????=harv(???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Kuhn, Thomas, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962.
- William F., McComas (????)? "The principal elements of the nature of science: Dispelling the myths"? McComas, William F. (???????)? The nature of science in science education: rationales and strategies (PDF)? Springer? ???????? ???-?-????-????-?? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? (PDF) ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Needham, Joseph (????)? "Science and Civilisation in China: Introductory Orientations"? ?? Cambridge University Press?
{{???????? ???????}}: ????|?????=harv(???????); ??????? journal ?? ????|journal=???????? (???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Obler, Paul C.; Estrin, Herman A. (????)? The New Scientist: Essays on the Methods and Values of Modern Science? Anchor Books, Doubleday?
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Papineau, David. (2005). Science, problems of the philosophy of., as cited in Honderich, Ted (????)? The Oxford companion to philosophy? Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press? ???????? ?-??-??????-?? ??????? 173262485?
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Parkin, D. (????)? "Simultaneity and Sequencing in the Oracular Speech of Kenyan Diviners"? Philip M. Peek (???????)? African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing? Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press?
{{?? ???????}}: ????|?????=harv(???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Russell, Bertrand (????) [1952]? The Impact of Science on Society? London: Unwin? ???????? ?-??-??????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Rutherford, F. James; Ahlgren, Andrew (????)? Science for all Americans? New York, NY: American Association for the Advancement of Science, Oxford University Press? ???????? ?-??-??????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) - Smith, A. Mark (????)? Philadelphia-? ?????? Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's De Aspectibus, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manā?ir, 2 vols.? Transactions of the American Philosophical Society? ???? ??? Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society? ???????? ?-?????-???-?? ??????? 47168716?
{{?? ???????}}: ????? ???????????|?????????-?????=??????? ??? ?????? (???????); ????|?????=harv(???????)??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????) Books I-III (2001 — 91(4)) Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR; — 91(5) Vol 2 English translation, Book I:TOC pp. 339–41, Book II:TOC pp. 415–16, Book III:TOC pp. 559–60, Notes 681ff, Bibl. via JSTOR - Thurs, Daniel Patrick (????)? Science Talk: Changing Notions of Science in American Popular Culture? New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press? ??. ??–??? ???????? ???-?-????-????-??
{{?? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
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?????????????????? ??? ?????? ?????
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- ????????????
- "GCSE Science textbook". Wikibooks.org
- ?????? ???
- Euroscience:
- "ESOF: Euroscience Open Forum"? ??? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????
{{????? ???????}}: ??????? ???? ????????????: ????? ???????????????? ?????? (?????)
- "ESOF: Euroscience Open Forum"? ??? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????
- Science Development in the Latin American docta
- Classification of the Sciences in Dictionary of the History of Ideas. (Dictionary's new electronic format is badly botched, entries after "Design" are inaccessible. Internet Archive old version).
- "Nature of Science" University of California Museum of Paleontology
- United States Science Initiative Selected science information provided by US Government agencies, including research & development results
- How science works University of California Museum of Paleontology
- ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????
