美航借道南航入华 航空联盟格局生变

百度 另外，我们都知道发动机有横置和纵置两种基本布局，而在横置范畴里还有正置和反置的不同，比如欧蓝德的大多数竞品车型采用的是正置式发动机，也就是排气在前，进气在后，这主要是为了照顾散热问题，但缺点也是存在的，比如不利于动力的释放、重心较高等等，所以现在也有很多车型采用了反置式布局，比如欧蓝德就是这样，进气在前，排气在后，这样的设计使进排气更加通畅且进一步降低了发动机重心，使行车稳定性及操控性更好。

??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????, ???? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????

Wikipedia articles are improved through the hard work of both regular editors and newcomers. Remember: all of us were new editors at Wikipedia once, and in some ways (such as when editing an article on a topic outside our usual scope) even the most experienced among us are still newcomers.

New members are prospective contributors and are therefore Wikipedia's most valuable resource. We must treat newcomers with kindness and patience—nothing scares potentially valuable contributors away faster than hostility. It is very unlikely for a newcomer to be completely familiar with Wikipedia's markup language and its myriad of policies, guidelines, and community standards when they start editing. Even the most experienced editors may need a gentle reminder from time to time.

??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??

• ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????, ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????, ?????????, ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? In fact, it has been found that newcomers are responsible for adding the majority of lasting content to Wikipedia (i.e., substantive edits); while insiders and administrators are responsible for a large bulk of total edits, these often involve tweaking, reverting, and rearranging content.
• Remember, our motto and our invitation to the newcomer is be bold. We have a set of rules, standards, and traditions, but they must not be applied in such a way as to thwart the efforts of newcomers who take that invitation at face value. A newcomer brings a wealth of ideas, creativity and experience from other areas that, current rules and standards aside, have the potential to better our community and Wikipedia as a whole. It may be that the rules and standards need revising or expanding; perhaps what the newcomer is doing "wrong" may ultimately improve Wikipedia. Observe for a while and, if necessary, ask what the newcomer is trying to achieve before concluding that their efforts are wanting or that they are simply "wrong".
• If a newcomer seems to have made a small mistake (e.g., forgetting to put book titles in italics), try to correct it yourself, but do not slam the newcomer. A gentle note at their user page explaining the Wikipedia standard and how to achieve it in the future may prove helpful, as they may be unfamiliar with the norm or merely how to achieve it. Remember, this is a place where anyone may edit and therefore it is each person's responsibility to edit and complement, rather than to criticize or supervise others. If you use bad manners or curse at newcomers, they may decide not to contribute to the encyclopedia again.
• A newcomer may save a tentative first draft to see if they are even allowed to start an article, with plans to expand it if there is no backlash. If, within a few minutes, the article is plastered with cleanup tags, assessed as "stub" or even suggested for deletion, they may give up. It is better to wait a few days to see how a harmless article evolves than to rush to criticise.
• If you feel that you must say something to a newcomer about a mistake, please do so in a constructive and respectful manner. Begin by introducing yourself with a greeting on the user's talk page to let them know that they are welcome here, and present your corrections calmly and as a peer. If possible, point out things that they've done correctly or well.
• Remind newcomers that their edit histories are usually saved, both at the article page history and a list of user contributions associated with their user name or IP address if still unregistered. When their edits are reverted, they may panic, start an edit war, or leave Wikipedia entirely, mistakenly assuming that hours of work have been irretrievably deleted. Please gently let newcomers know that their work can usually be retrieved from the history. Inform them that they are able to negotiate with other editors on talk pages. If all else fails, they can request undeletion of the articles that they have edited.
• Newcomers may be hesitant to make changes, especially major ones, such as NPOV-ing and moving, due to fear of damaging Wikipedia (or of offending other Wikipedians and being flamed or being blocked). Teach them to be bold.
• While it is fine to point a new user who has made a mistake towards the relevant policy pages, it is both unreasonable and unfriendly to suggest that they stop taking part in votes, Articles for Deletion discussions, etc., until they "gain more experience." This both discourages new editors and deprives Wikipedia of much-needed insights.
• When giving advice, tone down the rhetoric a few notches from the usual Wikipedia norm. Make the newcomer feel genuinely welcome, not as though they must win your approval in order to be granted membership into an exclusive club. Any new domain of concentrated, special-purpose human activity has its own specialized structures, which take time to learn (and which benefit from periodic re-examination and revision).
• Do not call newcomers disparaging names such as "sockpuppet" or "meatpuppet." You can point them to those policies if there is valid cause to do so. For example, if a disproportionate number of newcomers show up on one side of a vote, you should make them feel welcome while explaining that their votes may be disregarded if it violates basic policies regarding content. No name-calling is necessary. Similarly, think hard before calling a newcomer a single-purpose account. Besides, it is discouraged to label any editor with such invidious titles during a dispute (see Wikipedia:Don't call a spade a spade).
• Sometimes users forget to use four tildes after talk page posts. You can make the reminder process easier and less annoying by using the following two templates. In the meantime, you can use {{unsigned}} to fix those anonymous comments.
  • Template:Sign1 – Please sign your name using four tildes (~~~~) when making your posts on talk pages.
  • Template:Sign2 – When editing on User Talk or Article Talk pages, please sign your name using four tildes (~~~~) when making your posts. I would also suggest that you consider creating an account for yourself.
• There are some times when users add in new discussions to talk pages, despite the discussions already being ongoing. Often, the newcomers wouldn't be aware that there has already been a discussion on the topic, even if it is very recent, so please guide them with it.
• Assume good faith on the part of newcomers. They most likely want to help out. Give them a chance!
• Experience or associated privileges from it shouldn't be misguidedly interpreted as a means for default acquiescence from other members and no Wikipedian is above any other Wikipedian. editors who exercise these privileges should provide unambiguous clarity as to why, based on policies – this is a sign of a responsible editor.
• Remember Hanlon's Razor. Behavior that appears malicious might be from ignorance of our expectations and rules. Even if you are 100% sure that someone is a worthless, no-good Internet troll, vandal, or worse, conduct yourself as if they are not. Remember that the apparent test editors have the potential to be tomorrow's editors. By giving a polite, honest and noncondemning answer to newcomers, you have the opportunity to teach them Wikipedia policy. By being calm, interested, and respectful, you do credit to your dignity, and to our project.
• It is polite to point out to newcomers little details about editing on Wikipedia, such as the fact that one can sign one's name on userpages by leaving four of the tilde symbols (~), or pointing out that a wikilink can be achieved by putting double square brackets around a word or phrase.
• ??? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? (?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????)?
• Remember: "Don't bite, do what's right. Being a friend is all right."

"????????" ????? ???? ??????? ??????

????????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? "????????" ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????,

1. ????????? ???? ?????? ???? (????? ?????, ?????, ????, ?????????) ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? (????? ??????????? ?????) ??????? ??????? ?????
2. Moderate your approach and wording.
3. ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????
4. ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????, ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ????
5. ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????
6. Wait and postpone editing as soon as you feel that you're upset.
7. Be gracious.
8. Acknowledge differing principles and be willing to reach a consensus.
9. Take responsibility for resolving conflicts.
10. Reciprocate where necessary.
11. Listen actively.
12. Avoid excessive Wikipedia jargon. When linking to policies or guidelines, do so in whole phrases, not wiki shorthand.
13. Avoid using blocks as a first resort. Consider talking to a user before you block them.
14. Avoid deleting newly created articles, as inexperienced authors might still be working on them or trying to figure something out.
15. Even the most well written and helpful deletion template message may seem frightening or unwelcome to new users. Consider writing a personalised message.

Standard welcome/warning messages are both cordial and correcting. Consider using these templates for welcoming, or the first two here for warning.

Strive to be a responsible Wikipedian. By fostering goodwill, you will neither provoke nor be provoked easily, and will allow new Wikipedians to devote their time and resources towards building a truly collaborative encyclopedia.

Ignorantia juris may excuse

The principle ignorantia juris non excusat (Latin for: "ignorance of the law does not excuse") is incompatible with the guidelines of "do not bite" and "assume good faith". In this case, ignorance of Wikipedia's guidelines can or may excuse the mistakes of a newcomer. Furthermore, you yourself violate Wikipedia's guidelines and policies when you attack a new user for ignorance of them.

Try instead to follow the points set forth in this article to relieve new editors of their ignorance. Keep in mind that this is not the way many other things work, and even seasoned editors fail to follow—or are simply unaware of—our guidelines from time to time.

To a newcomer, the large number of Wikipedia policies and guidelines can be overwhelming. Ignorance of the rules can often be expected, but willfully disregarding them and disrupting the editorial process of constructing our online encyclopedia is quite another. If you exclude editors without barnstars and the like from your circle you probably diminish the final product.

In all cases though, we ought to interact with our fellow editors with gentleness and respect. This is the most important thing to stress. Some strategies are:

1. Approach challenging behaviors as a self-protective and responsive behavior occurring as a result of triggered/unmet needs.
2. Avoid infantilizing a newcomer, impulsive labeling as a vandal or sockpuppet, outpacing the newcomer with policies instead of educating with core ones, ignoring and reverting newcomer concerns and contributions in their active presence of editing.
3. Avoid acute and repetitive paraphrase of intimidation language, confrontations and quizzing with respect and confidence.
4. Objectivity isn't neutrality, modifying pattern of communication that fits with constructive interpersonal skills (Validation, Collaboration, Facilitation of skills for Wikipedia tasks, Non-disruptive and comfortable environment, friendly support and non-solicitation relations) is within Wikipedia spirit.
5. Always choose a compassionate and gentle persuasive approach.

What to do if you feel you have "bitten" or have been bitten

If you have bitten someone, or feel that you have been bitten, considering the following points could help ensure that it doesn't happen again.

1. Choose to learn from the incident.
2. Apologize if you realize you have bitten another user.
3. Consider alternatives to biting that could have achieved a better response. If you encounter a similar situation in the future, choose one of those alternatives instead of repeating history.
4. Find something of value in the experience. Extract the wisdom that may have been unintentionally veiled.
5. Be reasonable. Explain why you were offended, but learn to recognize when the message cannot be received. The recipient may be unable or unwilling to accept fault, and it may be better to move on to other things than to dwell on the bite.
6. Move on from it!

Common newcomer errors

One common error among newcomers is to create an article in mainspace about themselves, their garage band, or about their original theories on a certain topic. One way to deal gently with this is to userfy the article, and leave a note saying why. {{nn-userfy}} is designed for userfying autobiographical articles. The remaining redirect can be flagged for deletion using {{Db-rediruser}}. Userfied articles on bands could be tagged with {{PROD}}, since they tend to hang around. New articles about a person's original research and theories could have a note appended explaining WP:OR. It is sometimes helpful to direct new users to alternative outlets.

Another common newbie error is to violate the three revert rule. There is no reason to expect that a newcomer would know about this rule, so it is a good idea to inform them of the rule on their talkpage after their second revert.

Templates

• {{this is a new user}}

See also

• A case study (food for thought provided by Paolo.dL)
• Wikipedia:Assume no clue
• Wikipedia:Avoid cryptic language
• Wikipedia:BITECLUB
• Wikipedia:Civility
• Wikipedia:Do NOT bite the developers
• Wikipedia:Avoiding difficult users
• Wikipedia:IPs are human too
• MeatBall:CriticismIsFeedback, MeatBall:WelcomeNewcomer
• Strategy proposal on a campaign on this
• Strategy proposal on newbie learning
• Wikipedia:Passive Aggressive
• Wikipedia:Please bite the newbies
• Wikipedia:Welcoming committee
• User:Vchimpanzee/How to edit constructively